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* MHTEXT2 DB3 PLUS REVISION 10/10/85
*
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BACTERIOLOGY OF PELVIC INFECTIONS
Non-venereal genital tract infections, for the most part, are caused
by endogenous organisms. Anerobes outnumber aerobes by about 10 to 1 in the
average number of species present. The organisms of greatest potential concern
are the gram-negative rods. Bacteroides bivius is the most common of these and
is found in approximately one-third of women. Bacteroides fragilis occurs in
only about ten per-cent of women.
As far as antibiotic susceptibility is concerned, B. bivius and
B. disiens often share B. fragilis' characteristic resistance to older
penicillins and cephalosporins. The new third-generation agents and cefoxitin
clearly are more active against Bacteroides than are the second-generation
drugs such as cefamandole. They especially are better than first-generation
cephalosporins.
The gram-positive organisms cannot be overlooked. Bacteroides accounts
for about 45% of the anaerobic organisms cultured from pelvic infections, and
gram-positive anaerobic cocci account for 35% to 40%. Together, these two
groups of organisms are responsible for most pelvic infections involving
anaerobes.
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AEROBIC GRAM-POSITIVE INFECTIONS
Staphylococcus aureus is not a common isolate in pelvic infections.
It is the etiologic agent in toxic shock syndrome, which occus rarely.
Staphylococcus epidermidis, usually considered non-pathogenic and
normally found in the vagina, may in fact cause clinically significant disease
in the neonate or play a role in initiating premature labor. It has been
isolated in significant numbers from amniotic fluid in the presence of intact
or ruptured membranes. When the organism appears in areas that are normally
sterile, such as the fallopian tube or amniotic fluid, it is likely to be a
pathogen.
Among the streptococci, the pathogenic role of enterococci in
obstetric/gynecologic mixed infections has prompted the greatest controversy.
It is estimated that clinical resolution of such infections is obtained more
than 95% of the time without coverage for enterococci.
Confusion remains about which organisms are most in need of prophylactic
coverage in obstetric/gynecologic surgery and whether the clinician must cover
all or just a few organisms.
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ETIOLOGY OF TUBO-OVARIAN AND PELVIC ABSCESS
Peritoneal infections are usually polymicrobial. Therapy should be
aimed at resistant anaerobes, especially the Bacteroides strains. This has
prompted a shift away from use of ampicillin alone or penicillin plus an
aminoglycoside to the early use of an aminoglycoside with clindamycin or one
of the newer agents. Clindamycin/aminoglycoside combination has been a
standard regimen for postcesarean section endometritis for some time.
An important aspect of pharmacologic management of abscess is whether
the drug can penetrate the abscess. Clindamycin, metronidazole, cefoxitin, and
moxalactam are the only drugs that penetrate well into an abscess.
Triple therapy also may be indicated if Enterococcus is suspected or
identified in an abscess that is not responding to two-drug therapy. To provide
synergistic coverage for this organism, add penicillin as the third agent.
Group B streptococci are the most common infecting organisms among
obstetric patients who develop septicemia from a genital tract source,
excluding pyelonephritis.
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GONOCCAL AND CHLAMYDIAL INFECTIONS
Chlamydia is often responsible for cervicitis, as is the gonococcus.
Rougly about 20% of salpingitis may be due to Chlamydia, and it is implicated
in approximately 33% of late postpartum infections.
SINGLE-DRUG THERAPY
The agents that have the most appealing in vitro spectra for single-
drug therapy in moderately ill patients include cefoxitin, moxalactam, and
uriedopenicillins. Most postcesarean section infections, and vaginal cuff
cellulitis after hysterectomy fall into the "moderate" classification.
The Centers for Disease Control is now urging the use of combination
therapy rather than single-agent therapy in the treatment of acute salpingitis.
The CDC recognizes that the major etilogic agents in salpingitis are gonococci,
anaerobes, and Chlamydia. CDC recommends in rather strong terms that patients
with salpingitis be treated on an inpatient basis.
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REFERENCE
Sweet, M.D., Richard
Yonekura, M.D., Margaret Lynn
Hill, Ph.D., Gale
Gibbs, M.D., Ronald S.
Eschenbach, M.D., David A.
"Round Table Discussion of Obstetric Gynecologic Infections," American Journal
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vol. 146, No. 6, pp. 719-739, July 15, 1983,
copyright The C.V. Mosby Company, St. Louis.
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